Speaking to PHOTON about the cuts, Solarcentury CEO Frans van den Heuvel said: “After six months of upheaval the last thing the UK market needs right now is another significant cut to FITs in just seven weeks time.

We’re hopeful that the Minister will think again about the proposed 1st July changes. We believe that this is the essential first step towards putting in place a realistic roadmap for delivery of his 22 GWp by 2020 ambition.”

Meanwhile, the Solar Trade Association (STA) said it has asked the DECC to delay the July FIT cuts to allow the market to recover – new PV onstallations have stagnated since the start of April. Noting that installed capacity for the four weeks ending May 13 was only 17 MW – compared to a four-weekly average of 71 MW over the past year – the STA said the market has stalled due to a number of factors including new energy efficiency requirements and consumers’ misconceptions about the FIT scheme.

STA Chairman Alan Aldridge concludes: “We are facing an unusual set of challenges right now and it is fundamentally a problem of confidence and perception. We need all champions of solar – in Government, industry and elsewhere – to help us get the message out that solar is still a great investment, particularly with energy bills on the rise again.”

Read the press release below:

Solar Market press release

The following sustainability statement will assess renewable energy options for the Dar-Us-Salaam Religious and Community Centre and estimate the contribution of renewable energy in line with 10% requirements.

The report will look at the following options:
• Heat Pumps with underfloor heating
• Solar PV
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Mechanical Heat Recovery

1.2 Heat Pumps

There are 3 main types of heat pump system, air source (with an outside air collection unit), ground source (with horizontal ground loop), and geothermal (using vertical boreholes.
Heat pumps work by taking low-temperature heat and upgrading it to a higher, more useful temperature that can be used for space and water heating.

1.2.1 Air Source

Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) use the ambient air temperature as their heat source, and thus avoid the “ground loop” and associated drilling costs of a ground source or geothermal system.
However, because the temperature of air is less stable (and lower in winter) they operate at a lower efficiency than GSHPs. Installation is less intrusive compared to ground source systems and a minimal amount of outside space is required.

The disadvantage is that they are slightly less efficient (typically 350% efficient as compared to 400+% for ground source and geothermal), but still much more effect and environmentally friendly when compared to a traditional boiler system.
Air source systems require and Air Collection Unit, or ACU (see Fig 1) that needs to be located externally to the development.

1.2.2 Ground Source

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) concentrate the heat of the sun that is stored naturally at low temperature in the ground. The system circulates fluid through a long loop of pipe, called a “ground loop” which is typically buried 1m below the ground.

Heat is extracted from the water in the ground loop via the heat pump, and circulated to the home using a network of radiators or under floor heating. Because heat pumps work most efficiently when providing lower temperature heat (40-50ºC), it is recommended to use underfloor heating as the most efficient heating system.

1.2.3 Geothermal

Geothermal Energy uses a heat pump connected to boreholes to draw energy from within the Earth’s core. As a source of hot water and space heating is it a very most efficient solution, and produces virtually no noise.

Another advantage is that the land use is minimal because it uses vertical boreholes instead of horizontal ground loop. Boreholes are typically 90-100m deep depending on ground type and heating requirements of the property.

The major issue for many developments is the drilling costs which are very high (approximately £50 per metre) and as a result lengthen the payback period significantly.

1.2.4 Cooling using heat pumps

Many heat pumps can also be specified with an optional cooling module to provide a complete solution for a perfect indoor climate all year round.

During the cold months, the system economically produces the heat required for the building and when it is hot outside, passive cooling can be provided. Passive cooling requires no more energy than a pair of light bulbs.

Active cooling
For most applications passive cooling is normally sufficient, however should extra cooling be required it can be actively produced by using the compressor within the heat pump.
Although it is not as cost effective as passive cooling, this method will produce cooling much more efficiently than traditional air conditioning systems. For a system to produce active cooling it will require an extra accessory in the form of a cooling module (passive/active).

1.3 Underfloor heating

Underfloor heating works at its most efficient at lower temperatures (35-40ºC) offered by heat pumps.
Under floor heating also has the benefit of low maintenance with no requirement to have radiators. This opens up new space in a room where radiators would be normally be required. The heat is concentrated where it is most needed for human comfort and energy efficiency.

1.4 Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electricity from daylight. The direct current (DC) power that is produced is converted via an inverter into alternating current (AC) power, which can be used to power the normal range of domestic appliances or be exported to the local electricity network.
A range of systems is available, from roof-mounted modules to PV “tiles” which look similar to conventional slate tiles, and also thin film technology that can be installed on flat roofs.

The amount of power that a PV panel will deliver is proportional to the amount of sunlight that falls upon it. PV panels are best placed so that they face broadly south and are unshaded for the major part of the day.

Advantages:
• Silent, unobtrusive operation, no fuel requirements
• Can be installed with minimal disruption to property or homeowners
• Feed in Tariff

Disadvantages:
• Must be used on Southerly facing roofs for maximum output
• There may be problems of over-shading or limited roof space in high-density housing schemes

1.5 Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a way of saving the rainwater which would normally flow off a roof and down the drain, and using it as piped water to flush toilets and for the garden watering, yard wash down, vehicle and car washing, instead of treated drinking (potable) water.

A storage tank is fitted to the storm water drain from the roof(s), and falling rain enters the tank through a filter which removes leaves and other matter. The storage tank is usually buried under car or vehicle parks, a garden or under the entrance access or drive, and contains a pump which pumps the rainwater to the building where it is piped to the toilets, and to the outside taps.
If it is correctly collected and stored, rainwater can be used for toilets, washing machines and watering gardens without further treatment.

1.6 Mechanical Heat Recovery

Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) is a method of ventilating a building and recovering the heat that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere. Air that is extracted from the building is passed through a heat exchanger which can capture over 90% of the heat.

Fresh replacement air is then brought through the heat exchanger recovering that heat and bringing it back into the building.

New Building Regulations are now requiring tighter, better insulated homes and buildings. As they become more efficient greater importance is placed on ventilating them effectively and efficiently and MVHR is one of the best ways of doing this.

2. Achieving 10% Renewable Energy target

As there have been no SAP calculations done for this development, the CO2 figures will be estimated and finalised at a later date.

The energy requirements are taken from the gas and electricity benchmarks for different uses contained in “Integrating Renewable Energy into New Developments: Toolkit for Planners Developers and Consultants” (London Energy Partnership, 2004).

Annual CO2 emissions are based on the levels of a luxury hotel of 96.3 kgCO2/m2/yr, as outlined in the above document.

2.1 Air Source heat pump contribution

Air Source heat pumps have been designed to cover all of the space and hot water requirements of the 1560m2 building.

The centre would require 4 x 18kW Air Source Heat Pumps based on the available data. This can be modified at a later date when more information is made available to us.

4 x 18kW Air Source Heat Pumps (Danfoss)
Estimated output: 94,333 kWh/yr (after subtracting running cost of heat pumps)
% of CO2 emissions which will be offset by air source heat pumps = 190.04%

2.2 Solar PV contribution

For this initial proposal we shall use the upper flat roof of the building, but not the dome area as space is limited and there will be shading issues.

Q Cells are a frameless thin film technology that can be glued horizontally onto a flat roof without the need of A frames (see figure 5).

Option 1: 38 x 105W Q Cell PV modules (3.99kW)
Estimated output: 2,895 kWh/yr
Space required: approx 36m2
% of CO2 emissions which will be offset by solar PV = 12.69%

Option 2: 50 x 105W Q Cell PV modules (5.25kW)
Estimated output: 3,800 kWh/yr
Space required: approx 50m2
% of CO2 emissions which will be offset by solar PV = 16.65%

2.3 Combined solar PV and Heat Pump contribution

If the development was to incorporate Solar PV (option 1) as well as air source heat pumps then the overall % of CO2 emissions from renewables would total: 202.73%

+Nur El-Sobky

The British Photovoltaic Association (BPVA), the Micropower Council (MPC), the Renewable Energy Association (REA) and the Solar Trade Association (STA) say that recent press about drastic rate cuts and legal battles has clouded the fact that good returns are still possible because the cost of installing a PV system has fallen so much in recent months.

The organizations say that the UK residential PV market has stagnated because of misunderstandings, not because of any financial explanation. MPC’s Chief Executive Dave Sowden summarizes: “Solar PV still offers attractive returns for consumers, in excess of many alternative investment products.

Improving consumer understanding of solar PV and the Feed-in Tariff scheme is likely to be key to restoring healthy uptake levels. We are pleased that the policy framework is now on a more stable footing and are optimistic that this will signal a new dawn of consumer confidence in the microgeneration sector.

See the full press release by clicking the link below.

Feed-in-Tariff press release

+Nur El-Sobky

Solar thermal energy has actually been used much longer than solar electricity. Mirrors and glass have been used to start fires with wood since the 7th century. Solar thermal energy works by converting sunlight into heat. People used this kind of energy in primitive ways until a scientist created an oven that could generate heat up to 228 degrees. In the 20th century, William Bailey discovered a way to store large amounts of hot water that was heated with solar thermal energy by separating the water tank and the heating element. This created the foundation for modern solar thermal systems.

There are a number of ways that solar thermal energy is used today. Many people use solar thermal systems to heat swimming pools. Solar thermal systems can also be used to provide hot water that is used for space heating. All solar thermal systems use solar collectors to capture sunlight that heats fluid or air. In most systems, this water is then stored in a tank until it is needed. However, solar thermal pool heaters and some industrial systems do not need a storage tank.

Solar thermal energy systems usually have a storage tank and a collector. Most of these systems utilize a flat-plate solar collector. This uses the heat from the sun to warm either water or transfer fluid. The tank holds the water so that it can be used later. A solar thermal energy system can supply about two thirds of the hot water that a household needs. Traditional energy systems are used to heat the remaining third. Active solar thermal energy systems generally use medium temperature solar collectors. Fans and pumps can be used to move the heated liquid or air into the storage tank or directly into a building’s heating system.

The two main types of solar thermal energy systems used in homes are solar air systems and solar water systems. Solar air heating systems can reduce the load on the primary heating system. It works as a supplemental heat source, and it can warm the air indoors when the sun is out. Solar water heating systems are used to directly heat water for bathing and laundry. These thermal solar heating systems can also be used in industrial and commercial applications. Both types of solar thermal energy systems use the heat that comes from sunlight directly. This is more beneficial than solar electricity because the conversion from sunlight to electricity is much less efficient.

Solar Heating

About 70 percent of the energy used in buildings goes to heat the space indoors. With this, solar thermal energy heating systems can have a significant impact on electric bills. Solar thermal energy heating systems typically require more collectors than hot water systems. They also often require a larger storage tank. These solar thermal energy systems are integrated into the building’s heating and energy management system. The solar heat that these systems provide is very effective with heating systems that operate at low temperatures. These include water heating tubes that run under the floor. The large storage tanks that are used with solar heating systems may need to be installed in the basement.

Solar thermal heating systems start at about £8000 including installation. These systems usually need collectors that measure six to 10 square metres in order to effectively heat the space indoors. These systems are very beneficial in the winter months, but they must be designed very carefully so that they do not emit unwanted heat during the summer. These systems may be complicated to install correctly, but they can help save a large amount of energy. They also have a big impact on reducing carbon emissions.

Solar Hot Water

Solar thermal hot water energy systems are very popular these days. These systems are very effective. Systems capable of supplying two thirds of the hot water needed in a typical household will need a three square metre collector. These systems will generally cost between £3,500 and £6,500. Prices for these systems depend on the type of collector chosen. Vacuum tube collectors are more efficient than flat collectors when it is cold outside. In addition, the cost of these systems depends on whether mains hot water pressure is needed. Prices for these systems include all of the equipment required. This includes controllers, pumps and hot water cylinders.

Most buildings that have solar thermal hot water systems installed will need to have their hot water cylinder replaced. These systems require a dual coil solar cylinder. Building owners may want to switch to mains pressure hot water. This helps solar thermal hot water systems achieve better performance. These systems are relatively easy to install. Most home systems can be installed in as little as two to three days.

Solar thermal systems can provide all of the hot water needed during the spring, summer and fall. However, a boiler is needed to heat water during the winter months. Vacuum tube collectors may be able to provide enough hot water on sunny winter days.

There are a number of reasons why many home and business owners opt for solar thermal energy systems. They are very affordable compared to other renewable energy systems. They also provide outstanding performance efficiency. These systems can pay for themselves in a short period of time. Typical solar thermal energy systems have between 55 and 85 percent performance efficiency. This means that as much as 85 percent of the sunlight gathered by the solar collector can be converted into usable heat.

+Nur El-Sobky
 

Architects can use the insights provided by such studies to shape their designs. The possibilities presented can be useful in any stage of the design process. For example, a designer could build their vision for the basic nature of a building around a specific type of alternative energy source available at the location in question. They could also use the productive element as a finishing touch, such as adding solar panels to a nearly complete blueprint.

Developers who are seeking to appeal to eco-conscious customers, a growing segment in today’s market, can also benefit from these studies. They can be crucial aids in planning, implementing and marketing green housing and green office spaces. The results of such studies can also provide information regarding the savings on energy bills provided by incorporating productive elements. This can be an important selling point for some customers.

Finally, homeowners can use renewable energy feasibility studies to determine whether or not it’s cost effective to install productive elements such as solar panels. Depending on the individual, the focus of the investigation could be more tilted towards saving money or towards simply choosing renewable energy for ethical or philosophical reasons.

Depending on where one is located, there may be grants available for free or reduced cost access to such studies. Increasing amounts of governments, both local and national, as well as some eco-minded corporations and foundations are offering financial aid to individuals, businesses and organizations to investigate the possibility of employing renewable energy.

In general, a renewable energy feasibility study involves several steps. The first step is usually a phone consultation. This gives both the consulting company and the client the opportunity to ask questions and to develop a basic sense of the other’s perspective. A good company will ascertain the client’s needs, desires and financial situation in order to craft a unique study that fits the client specifically.

After the phone consultation, most feasibility companies perform a walk through inspection of the building or construction site. Drawing on both information on the general region and their visual impressions of the location, the experts will then determine a plan of study. This is based on whether or not specific types of renewable energy have a reasonable chance of being viable. For example, in most areas in the continental United States geothermal energy is not a realistic option due to the rareness of the appropriate geological structures.

Based on this first visit, the renewable energy experts will return with appropriate instruments. These can include devices to measure the speed and direction of the wind, as well as tools to determine the strength of sunlight. The best companies will return multiple times, under varying weather conditions to get the fullest picture of the weather patterns at the site.

After one or several visits, the company will send the client a renewable energy feasibility report. This packet of information will offer insight as to the practicality or lack thereof of adding productive elements of various types. It will inform the client of the likely cost to install and amount of energy produced per month by different types of renewable energy sources. Most reports will also include secondary numbers derived from these, such how much the changes would reduce the building’s carbon footprint, and the likely savings on energy costs that would ensue. This information can be used to determine whether, for example, the addition of a solar panel will pay for itself in time and if so, how much time would be required for this to happen.

The two most common types of renewable energy are wind power and solar power. Both are best suited to different regions, with different climate and weather conditions. A feasibility study can determine whether either or both would be appropriate for a specific location.

Wind power is the type of renewable energy source that is increasing the fastest on a global scale. The natural energy of the wind is converted to electricity by means of a turbine, windmill or similar device. The electricity generated by the wind can be used to either directly power the connected home or business or routed into the power grid that delivers electricity to many places. Depending on the local laws and practices, the owner of a wind turbine productive element may be compensated for the power generated by their property by the relevant utility company or government.

In terms of environmental impact, wind power is highly sustainable. Unlike traditional power plants such as those fueled by coal or natural gas, turbines do not rely on fossil fuels. They therefore do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Other environmental benefits include a reduced need for mining and drilling, a lack of producing water pollutants and the ability to exist alongside of farming, forestry and fishing situations.

Solar power shares many of these benefits. Like wind power, it does not rely on any type of fossil fuel in order to produce electricity. Solar power draws on the abundant energy of the sun to both produce electricity and, in some circumstances, to heat interior spaces and water for showering or bathing. Most solar power systems that convert sunlight into energy do so by means of photovoltaic cells. As with wind power, the electricity generated by such productive elements may be returned to the electrical grid in exchange for monetary compensation.

Many renewable energy feasibility studies that examine the potential for solar energy on a home or business property make use of three dimensional mapping software. This allows the company to examine in minute detail potential arrangements for solar arrays and to design the optimal layout for any specific rooftop.

+Nur El-Sobky

Having been a guest at last year’s event (thanks to @JagaUK), we wanted to enter one of our own installations to demonstrate our own capabilities to industry leaders. In particular, an install that was a little bit different from what we have done previously. A case study of the project we entered can be seen in the case study section of the website.

After reading the most recent addition of Heat Pumps Today magazine, we found our name amongst the shortlisted companies. We are proud that Integr8 are amongst some of the biggest and best heat pump manufacturers and companies in the UK, including Daikin, Danfoss and Mitsubishi Electric.

Our client was refurbishing an 18th century chapel and vicarage which were two separate but adjacent buildings. There was no heating system in the property and our client was off gas. He wanted the property to have a complete renewable energy solution that would heat both buildings using one heat pump and provide all the hot water, as well as underfloor heating throughout.

After our site survey, it was decided that there was not enough land for a ground source system (with ground loop) so an air source system was the preferred choice. A Daikin Altherma heat pump was located in-between both buildings and connecting to the hot water tank inside the vicarage. The two buildings were then connected using insulated pipe and the chapel then effectively became another zone for the underfloor heating network.

As a retrofit project, it was decided that the best method for underfloor heating would be an overlay system.

The project timescale was quite extensive as we had to work around the other trades that were refurbishing the building. The property was also being lived in so we had to work with our client to make sure that any disruption to him was kept to a minimum.

The installation was logistically quite a challenge due to the age of the property and also because we were heating two building with one heat pump system.

More than 100 entries were received for these awards across 10 categories, spanning residential, commercial and industrial applications the length and breadth of the country.

Phil Creaney, Editor of Heat Pumps Today magazine, says: “Having successfully launched the National Heat Pump Awards last year, we are absolutely delighted with the response to this year’s event.

“The innovation and creativity apparent in projects across the country is striking. It is clear that fundamental changes are starting to take place in the way people think about the best way of heating and cooling buildings. The promise of heat pumps has always been great; that potential is now beginning to be realised.”

We will have to wait until the end of the month to see whether Integr8 has become a finalist, and in line for an award. It is a great moment for the company to get recognition for our work at this level.

National Heat Pumps Awards: http://www.national-heat-pump-awards.co.uk/

+Nur El-Sobky

Woodside Way, Brookside Meadows

Northampton Borough Council

1: Introduction

This LZC (low or zero carbon) feasibility study looks at the renewable energy options for a residential development in Woodside Way, Brookside Meadows, Northampton.

The client wishes to achieve CSH (Code for Sustainable Homes) level 5 rating (100% reduction of dwelling emission rate over target emission rate).

LZC technologies for providing electricity or hot water and heating to the development have been assessed. The location of the equipment along with type, specifications and output has been provided and where possible backed up with manufacturer data.

2: Renewable energy options

Wind Power, Geothermal, Ground source, Air source and solar energy (PV and Thermal) will be considered for this development. The different options will be considered on the basis of the following criteria:

• Planning requirements
• Noise
• Land use
• Payback

2.1 Wind Power

A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy which is then converted into electrical energy. Wind turbines are mounted either on a building or, preferably, on a mast.

• The wind rotates the blades of the turbine
• Which turns a rotor shaft
• This generates low voltage DC (direct current) electricity.
• An inverter converts it to AC (alternating current or mains type) electricity

Turbines are often categorised as small, medium and large, with small usually referring to turbines with rated power up to 50kW. This development would require small wind turbines (SWT). Small wind turbines are used in two main areas as shown below:

• Autonomous electrical systems (off-grid): Systems that are not connected to any larger electrical system and are therefore solely responsible for the control of voltage and frequency

• Distributed generation systems (grid-connected): systems with small generators connected to a larger public distribution network, where there is a network operator responsible for overall control
In off-grid systems the power generated charges a bank of batteries. To get the most from the system, you can programme it to divert electricity to other uses such as water or space heating if the batteries are full.

If you are connected to the mains grid, then when you generate more electricity than you use, you can sell the excess to your supplier. When you are not generating enough to cover your needs, you can buy electricity from your supplier.
The following figure shows the average wind speed for the 1 km square that contains the postcode at three different heights above ground level – 10m, 25m and 45m:

According to the values generated from the calculator above, one option that we could suggest is installing one or two small wind turbines (e.g. the Evance R9000) at 10m above ground level that can provide approximately 7,053 kWh/year of electricity.

2.2 Geothermal Energy:

Geothermal Energy draws energy from within the Earth’s core, as a source of hot water and space heating is the most efficient solution, coupled to this it has no planning requirements and produces virtually no noise. Another advantage with this option is that the land use is minimal due to the vertical nature of boreholes through which these systems work.

The disadvantage is the drilling costs which are very high and as a result lengthen the payback period significantly; this type of system lends itself better to commercial buildings such as schools, offices or hospitals.

2.3 Heat Pumps

Heat pumps can provide an effective lower carbon source of heating especially where there is no connection to the gas network.

Heat pumps work by taking low-temperature heat – usually from the ground (ground source heat pump), or from the surrounding air (air source heat pump) – and upgrading it to a higher, more useful temperature.

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) concentrate the heat of the sun that is stored naturally at low temperature in the ground. The system circulates fluid through a long loop of pipe (called a ‘ground loop’), which in UK social housing will normally be via a borehole (though there are other options, such as trenches).

Heat is extracted from the water in the ground loop via the heat pump, and circulated to the home using a network of radiators or under floor heating. Because heat pumps work most efficiently when providing lower temperature heat (40-50ºC), slightly larger radiators are used to ensure sufficient heat transfer.

Whilst this layout is much cheaper to install and therefore the payback is vastly improved, a large area of open land is required.

Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) use the ambient air temperature as their heat source, and thus avoid the ‘ground loop’ and associated drilling costs. However, because the temperature of air is less stable (and lower in winter) they operate at a lower efficiency than GSHPs.

There are advantages and disadvantages over ground source heat pumps. The advantages are that the air source systems do not require any land and are thus cheaper to install and have a shorter payback period.

The disadvantage is that they are slightly less efficient (typically 350% efficient as compared to 400+% for ground source and geothermal). Air source systems require and Air Collection Unit (ACU) to be located externally and this can sometimes be deemed unsightly and in certain cases may cause planning issues. Finally, this technology has another disadvantage in that some noise is produced (typically 40 to 67dB).

2.4 Solar Photovoltaics

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electricity from daylight. The direct current (DC) power that is produced is converted via an inverter into alternating current (AC) power, which can be used to power the normal range of domestic appliances or be exported to the local electricity network. A range of systems is available, from roof-mounted modules to PV ‘slates’ and tiles which look similar to conventional slate tiles.

• Photovoltaic systems use cells, consisting of one or two layers of semi-conducting material, to convert solar radiation into electricity.
• light shines on the cell creating an electric field across the layers
• this causes electrons to flow creating electricity
• panels are mounted on the roof or on a frame
• an inverter converts the direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC – or mains equivalent) electricity which is suitable for running appliances
• grid connected systems can export electricity they don’t use to the grid, and import it from the grid when there is not enough sunlight
• off-grid systems store excess electricity in a bank of batteries
• off-grid systems can be used in conjunction with other sources of power such as biomass boilers, wind or hydro turbines

The amount of power that a PV panel will deliver is proportional to the amount of sunlight that falls upon it. Ideally, therefore, PV panels are best placed so that they face broadly south and in an unshaded location.

Advantages:

• Silent, unobtrusive operation, no fuel requirements
• Can be installed with minimal disruption to tenants

Disadvantages:

• High capital cost currently
• There may be problems of over-shading or limited roof space in high-density housing schemes

2.5 Solar Thermal

Solar thermal utilises energy from the sun to provide hot water. Like solar PV, this type of technology works through using roof mounted solar panels to collect energy from the sun. Solar thermal panels are connected to cylinder coils in a sealed circuit containing a water and antifreeze solution which can withstand high temperatures of 200oC+ in the summer and around -20 oC in winter.

The pump in the system circulates the heated fluid from the panel to the cylinder where the heat is transferred to the stored water through a lower coil. Solar water heating is generally used only for providing hot water. Space heating is primarily required during winter months when solar output is lowest so systems are rarely designed for this use.

As with solar PV noise and land use are not an issue. Payback is reasonably good but obviously this improves with sunnier climates. Again planning permission is usually required.

Advantages:

• Low-cost renewable energy solution
• Low/minimal maintenance requirement
• Unobtrusive to tenants, with no fuel costs or fuel handling required

Disadvantages

• Savings apply only to hot water not to space heating
• Generally requires a larger hot water tank

2.6 Biomass

Biomass is the term relating to biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For example, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel.

Biomass is a renewable energy source because any carbon released in the combustion process is offset by the carbon trapped in the organic matter by photosynthesis during its growth.

Key issues/design considerations:

1) Fuel type

Wood chip – realistically for major projects (100kW upwards). Chip is usually delivered by bulk container and either dropped into a feed hopper or direct to the boiler by moving floor container.

Pellet – most flexible. From 2-3kW upwards (Okofen do a 226kW unit). Pellet is cleaner and easier to handle. Can be fed by hand from bags (10kg) or bulk fed by auger (screw) or vacuum. The latter allows the fuel to be fairly remote from the boiler (up to c.20m) and “around the corner”.

2) Space/Access

All biomass needs space and access. The higher the heat load the bigger the space.

Wood chip – typically a 5m square or larger hopper or a roll on container. Chip is usually sold by heat output but typically 500kg per kW per year (bear in mind that a typical wood chip installation could be 500kW or larger – 250T per year or 130yard container per week!) Vehicle access is vital – but often because the installation is large this is less of an issue.

Pellet – because of the feed options this is more flexible. Full auto feed is from a hopper which is up to 3m square and 2.4m high (8T). This would usually offer a refill rate of no more than 2-3 times per year. It is important to get the largest capacity possible to ensure suppliers will deliver. Typical minimum bulk delivery is 3T. Bagged deliveries are usually by 1T pallet of 10kg bags.

Usage will be approximately 250-300kg per kW per year (lower moisture content = higher thermal content) also higher fuel density
For automatic fuel delivery needs access for a tanker (like domestic oil) to within 20m or store.

3: Energy generated from LZC technologies

Table below shows the energy generation from the various LZC options along with what proportion of the total requirement each technology can provide.

LZC Option Energy type provided Energy generated per year % of annual requirements

*Assuming that the worst case of electricity consumption is 2,247 kW / year
** Assuming that the worst case of Domestic hot water heating is 3,793 kW / year
*** Assuming that the worst case of DHW heating and space heating is 4,923 kW /year

4: Whole life costing

The whole life cost of any project is important as it is not always the case that the cheapest option up front will be the cheapest option over the whole life of the operation. With LZC technologies, an accurate assessment and design, the specification of the right type and quality of equipment and the installation by accredited installers is vital to low operating costs. Whole life costing in this context must take into account the following groups of costs:

• Design and consultancy costs

• Planning applications

• Equipment costs

• Installation and commissioning costs

• Operating costs based on establishing baseline costs.

• Carbon savings

• Energy usage

• Maintenance costs

• Decommissioning and disposal costs

5: Grant Availability

There are several energy efficiency schemes and grants available, and they vary from region to region and are run by a variety of organisations. There are also several grant schemes which offer funding to small scale renewable, particularly for the domestic and community sector. Some of the schemes/Grants available from UK government are listed below.

• FIT: Feed in Tariffs
• Carbon Trust Loans
• Low Carbon Buildings Programme Phase 2 – Extended (LCBP2E)
• Renewable Heat Incentive:

5.1 FIT: Feed in Tariffs

The Feed-in Tariffs are based on the electricity generated by the renewable energy system, but there will be an additional bonus for any energy which is ‘exported’ to the grid. This means you get paid more for the energy you don’t use than for that which you do, and so encourages energy efficiency. FITs are payments made to the owner for every kilowatt/hour they generate. It is applicable to both private and business owners

At times when you are not producing as much electricity as you are using, the shortfall will be ‘imported’ from the grid and you will pay your electricity company for this in the usual way.
The Feed-in Tariff has two elements:

• A ‘generation’ tariff based on the Total generation and the energy type, plus
• An ‘export’ tariff for any energy Exports when generating more than you need

Feed in tariffs will be introduced in April 2010. Systems installed from now on will be eligible for the tariffs when they begin. The tariffs apply to all the technologies up to 5 megawatts capacity (plenty for most consumers and businesses). There are technical requirements, but our recommended suppliers will meet them.

Solar PV Feed in Tariff example calculation

The Feed in Tariff for a new building is: 36.1 p for first 2 years then 33 p for the next 23 years.

Please find below an estimate of the profit that could be made from the 3 kWp solar PV system over 25 years. Integr8 have made a number of assumptions and would need to survey should this project begin.

Feed in Tariff calculations for 3 kWp system

This system will generate approximately 2,550 kWh per annum.

2,550 kWh x 0.361 = £920.55 / 2,550 kWh x 0.33 = £841.50

Assuming that the electricity consumption is 2,247 kWh per annum the electricity bill would be as follows:

2,247 kWh at 11p per kWh = £ 247.20

This means the customer would make £673.35 per year for the first 2 years and £594.30 per year for the next 23 years.

Payback:

Payback = total cost of system / total amount generated over 25 years.

£26,132 (total cost of PV system) / £15,015.60 (total amount generated over 25 years)

= 1.7 years

5.2 Carbon Trust Loans

The Carbon Trust offers Interest Free 0% loans for businesses to implement schemes and projects that will make them more energy efficient.

The aim of the loan is to allow the business to be modernised with new equipment or to get better heating, lighting or insulation.

The loans that are being offered are between £3000 and £500,000 Interest Free, repayable over 4 years. The loan amount is based on your projected CO2 savings which is assessed by the Carbon Trust. To be eligible you need to be:

 a UK company
 with less than 250 employees
 in the private sector
 trading for more than 12 months
 with a turnover of less than £43m

Any project that can demonstrate energy saving in excess of the C02 threshold of 1.50 tCO2/£1000 will qualify for the loan.

Few examples of projects that may qualify are detailed below:

 Air conditioning
 Heat recovery
 Lighting
 Pipe insulation
 Solar thermal systems

5.3 Low Carbon Buildings Programme Phase 2 – Extended (LCBP2E)

Grants for the installation of micro generation technologies are available to public sector buildings (including schools, hospitals, housing associations and local authorities) and charitable bodies.

Following the Budget announcement on 22 April an additional £45 million has been allocated to the Low Carbon Buildings Programme (LCBP).

This sees the current programme deadline for grants to be made and installations to be completed extend from 1 July 2009 until April 2011, up to the introduction of Feed-in Tariffs and the Renewable Heat Incentive. £5 million of the £45 million has already been allocated to solar PV funding under Phase Two to deal with the majority of PV applications in the pipeline and we have made a further allocation of £9 million to meet demand.

5.4 Renewable Heat Incentive

The Renewable Heat Incentive, or RHI, will come into effect in April 2010. The money will come from a levy administered by the official regulator Ofgem on sales of fossil heating fuels and is collected by the suppliers of these fuels. Homeowners will be paid an incentive to run such systems.

7: Recommendations

The recommendations for the use of low carbon technologies and to achieve CSH level 5 (100% reduction of dwelling emission rate over target emission rate) at Woodside Way are outlined below.

Best Options:

• Solar PV System (3kW) for plots 1-3 and a 2.8kW system for plots 4-8. This would provide the 100% electricity requirements (see Appendix 8.2)

• Biomass – this would provide all houses with 100% zero carbon space and water heating (see Appendix 8.3). Further assessments of each property would be needed for a more accurate design of any biomass system.

Other options:

• Wind Turbines – the client may need to get planning permission for the erection of the wind turbines but due to its small mast size (12 or 15 metres) getting planning permission may be easier to obtain. The dimensions of these types of wind turbines allow them to be installed in urban areas like this development.

• Air source – Although air source would work well for this development, the energy requirements are too small for an air source heat pump to be used efficiently. As we can see in the table 1 the space heating requirements along with DHW is 4,030 kWh / year on average and the calculated specified energy produced by the heat pump is 16, 266 kWh / year.

• Geothermal – this is not necessary for this development due to the same reasons as seen for Air source heat pumps. In addition, high drilling costs make it an unviable option.

• Ground source – this option requires a large amount of land area but is more cost – effective than geothermal. But again the space heating requirements are too low for ground source heat pump to be used effectively.

• Solar thermal – this option could be viable although it would not achieve the total energy requirement for hot water.

+Nur El-Sobky

1. Introduction

This LZC feasibility study looks at the renewable energy options for the British Muslim Heritage Centre (BMHC) in Manchester. The report will also discuss how this development can take advantage of current grants available to registered charities and also other incentives.

The building site (the former GMB National College), is one of significant historical prestige and recognition of architectural beauty. The Grade II* listed building, set in approximately 8 acres of land, now stands as an iconic landmark not only for Manchester but for the North West and indeed for the whole of Britain.

Due to its antiquity, however, the building requires much by way of restoration and refurbishment, the first phase of which has already begun.

The long term vision at the BMHC possesses both a national and international dimension as it seeks to reach out not only to the local community, but to the wider British, European and International communities as well.

It is a charity, registered by the Charity Commission with registration number 1110104.

The following technologies have been assessed together with their suitability for this development:

• Wind Power
• Geothermal Energy (borehole)
• Heat Pumps (ground and air)
• Cooling using heat pumps
• Underfloor heating
• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Recommendations for renewable energy are outlined at the end of the report.

2. Renewable Energy Options

The different options will be considered on the basis of the following criteria:

• Planning requirements (in particular as the site is Grade 2* listed)
• Noise
• Land use
• Payback

2.1 Wind Power

A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy which is then converted into electrical energy.

Wind turbines are mounted either on a building or, preferably, on a mast.

• The wind rotates the blades of the turbine
• Which turns a rotor shaft
• This generates low voltage DC (direct current) electricity.
• An inverter converts it to AC (alternating current or mains type) electricity

Turbines are often categorised as small, medium and large, with small usually referring to turbines with rated power up to 50kW. This development would seek to use a small wind turbine (SWT). Small wind turbines are used in two main areas as shown below:

• Autonomous electrical systems (off-grid): Systems that are not connected to any larger electrical system and are therefore solely responsible for the control of voltage and frequency

• Distributed generation systems (grid-connected): systems with small generators connected to a larger public distribution network, where there is a network operator responsible for overall control

In off-grid systems the power generated charges a bank of batteries. To increase the efficiency of the system, it is possible to programme the turbine to divert electricity to other uses such as water or space heating if the batteries are full

If it is connected to the mains grid and when the turbine generates more electricity than is being used, the excess can be sold to your supplier. When it is not generating enough to cover your needs, you can buy electricity from your supplier.

The different applications for which SWTs are especially suitable have been summarised in the table below for the main two markets identified: off-grid applications and grid-connected applications.

2.2 Geothermal Energy (Boreholes)

Geothermal Energy uses a heat pump connected to boreholes to draw energy from within the Earth’s core, as a source of hot water and space heating is it a very most efficient solution, and produces virtually no noise. Another advantage with this option is that the land use is minimal due to the vertical nature of boreholes through which these systems work.

Boreholes are typically 90-100m deep depending on ground type and heating requirements of the property.

The major issue for many developments is the drilling costs which are very high (approximately £50 per metre) and as a result lengthen the payback period significantly.

2.3 Heat Pumps (Ground and Air)

Heat pumps can also be used in conjunction with horizontal ground loops or with air collection units to provide an effective lower carbon source of heating especially where there is no connection to the gas network.

Heat pumps work by taking low-temperature heat – usually from the ground (ground source heat pump), or from the surrounding air (air source heat pump) – and upgrading it to a higher, more useful temperature.

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) concentrate the heat of the sun that is stored naturally at low temperature in the ground. The system circulates fluid through a long loop of pipe, called a “ground loop” (which is buried normally 1m below the ground).

Heat is extracted from the water in the ground loop via the heat pump, and circulated to the home using a network of radiators or under floor heating. Because heat pumps work most efficiently when providing lower temperature heat (40-50ºC), slightly larger radiators are used to ensure sufficient heat transfer.

Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) use the ambient air temperature as their heat source, and thus avoid the “ground loop” and associated drilling costs. However, because the temperature of air is less stable (and lower in winter) they operate at a lower efficiency than GSHPs.  Installation is less intrusive compared to ground source systems and a minimal amount of outside space is required, unlike GSHPs.

The disadvantage is that they are slightly less efficient (typically 350% efficient as compared to 400+% for ground source and geothermal). Air source systems require and Air Collection Unit, or ACU (see below, right) to be located externally and this can sometimes be deemed unsightly and in certain cases may cause planning issues.

2.4 Cooling using heat pumps

Many heat pumps can also be specified with an optional cooling module to provide a complete solution for a perfect indoor climate all year round.

During the cold months, the system economically produces the heat required for the building and when it is hot outside, passive cooling can be provided. Passive cooling requires no more energy than a pair of light bulbs.

Active cooling

For most applications passive cooling is normally sufficient, however should extra cooling be required it can be actively produced by using the compressor within the heat pump.

Although it is not as cost effective as passive cooling, this method will produce cooling much more efficiently than traditional air conditioning systems. For a system to produce active cooling it will require an extra accessory in the form of a cooling module (passive/active).

2.5 Underfloor heating

Underfloor heating works at its most efficient at lower temperatures (35-40ºC) offered by ground and air source heat pumps.

Under floor heating also has the benefit of low maintenance with no requirement to paint radiators. When compared to other forms of heating, the overall effectiveness of an under floor heating system can be seen above. The heat is concentrated where it is most needed for human comfort and energy efficiency

2.6 Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electricity from daylight. The direct current (DC) power that is produced is converted via an inverter into alternating current (AC) power, which can be used to power the normal range of domestic appliances or be exported to the local electricity network.

A range of systems is available, from roof-mounted modules to PV “slates” and tiles which look similar to conventional slate tiles.

The amount of power that a PV panel will deliver is proportional to the amount of sunlight that falls upon it. Ideally, PV panels are best placed so that they face broadly south and are unshaded for the major part of the day.

Advantages:

• Silent, unobtrusive operation, no fuel requirements
• Can be installed with minimal disruption to property or homeowners
• Feed in Tariff (see “Grants” section)

Disadvantages:

• Must be used on Southerly facing roofs for maximum output
• There may be problems of over-shading or limited roof space in high-density housing schemes

3.0 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Combined Heat and Power, or CHP, is the simultaneous generation of usable heat and power (usually electricity) in a single process.

This generally means that conventional heating systems are replaced by electricity generators equipped with heat exchangers to additionally use/recover the waste heat. The heat is used for space and water heating; the electricity is used within the building or fed into the grid.

These can be used to provide heating and electricity to district heating schemes, apartment buildings, hotels, schools, guest houses, commercial buildings and small industries. They can run on natural gas, light oil gas, and biogas.

Advantages include:

• Reduced energy costs
• Avoidance of Climate Change Levy
• Claimable Enhanced Capital Allowances
• Off-set capital expenditure for replacement boilers
• Stabilised energy costs over a period of time

Reduced CO2 emissions

• Points for BREAM assessment
• EcoHomes
• Legislative compliance with part L2 of building regulations

3: Whole life costing

The whole life cost of any project is important as it is not always the case that the cheapest option up front will be the cheapest option over the whole life of the operation.

With LZC technologies, an accurate assessment and design, the specification of the right type and quality of equipment and the installation by accredited installers is vital to low operating costs. Whole life costing in this context must take into account the following issues where appropriate:

Design and consultancy costs

Planning applications

Equipment costs

Installation and commissioning costs

Operating costs based on establishing baseline costs

Carbon savings

Energy usage

Maintenance costs

Decommissioning and disposal costs

3.1 Renewable energy system designs

All renewable energy systems are subject to confirmation of SAP report and are pending any Listed Building planning requirements set out by Manchester City Council.

3.1.1 Solar PV

There are 4 south facing roofs that could potentially be used for solar PV and an east/west facing roof (boxed in green blow). The red circles are chimney stacks that would need to examined further as a possible cause of shadow.

The South facing roofs would be more efficient than the east/west roof, but the east/west roof is larger could have more solar modules installed

Solar tiles have previously been installed on grade II listed buildings, and have passed full planning requirements.

The benefits of using solar tiles instead of traditional solar PV modules are that they blend in with standard roof slates to provide a more aesthetically pleasing solar module system.

They are particularly suited to developments in conservation areas, on historic buildings, new builds or renovation projects.

Estimated sizing of PV system based on using standard 233W Bisol PV modules, subject to site survey. Bisol PV systems would require 3 phase electricity supply.

1)       south facing roofs

Estimated total roof area: 75m²

Estimated number of modules: 40 (at 1.65m² for each module)

Estimated size system: 9.32 kW

Estimated generation: 8,100 kWh/year

2)       east/west facing roof

Estimated total roof area: 120m²

Estimated number of modules: 60 (at 1.65m² for each module)

Estimated size system: 13.98 kW

Estimated generation: 9,760 kWh/year

Estimated sizing of PV system based on using 47Wp solar tiles from Solar Century, subject to site survey.

3)       south facing roofs

Estimated total roof area: 75m²

Estimated number of modules: 140 (at 0.5m² for each module, single phase)

Estimated size system: 6.58 kW

Estimated generation: 6,350 kWh/year

4)       east/west facing roof

Estimated total roof area: 120m²

Estimated number of modules: 200 (at 0.5m² for each module, 3 phase needed)

Estimated size system: 9.4 kW

Estimated generation: 7,300 kWh/year

3.1.2 Heat Pumps

Due to size of this building, and the available land space, the most efficient heat pump system would incorporate boreholes drilled 100m+ deep.

All heat pumps require 3 phase electricity supply.

For the existing building (4,459m²), our calculations show that you would require:

8 x 42kW Ground Source Heat Pumps (with approx 10,000 linear metres for ground loop). The site has approx 1,250m² available so this is not a viable option.

or

8 x 42kW Ground Source Heat Pumps (with 32 x 168m boreholes)

or

25 x 18kW Air Source Heat Pumps (with 25 x Air Collection Units)

6.1 Feed in Tariff (FIT) 

The Feed in Tariffs are based on the electricity generated by the renewable energy system, but there will be an additional bonus for any energy which is “exported” to the grid.

FITs are payments made to the owner for every kilowatt/hour they generate.  It is applicable to both private and business owners.

At times when you are not producing as much electricity as you are using, the shortfall will be “imported” from the grid and you will pay your electricity company for this in the usual way.

The Feed in Tariff has two elements:

1. A ”generation” tariff based on the total generation and the energy type, plus
2. An “export” tariff for any energy Exports when generating more than you need (at 3p/kWh).

6.3 Additional grants

Grants that could be available to charities such as the BMHC include:

1.       Scottish Power Green Energy Trust

Project Eligibility (taken from Scottish Power Green Energy Trust website)

• Projects from local community groups and not for profit organisations and charities within the UK may apply.

Your project needs to advance renewable energy and support your local community through education and public engagement.

• The Trust considers all kinds of renewable technologies, including small-scale hydro, wind power, biomass, landfill gas, solar energy and ground source heat pumps.
•  Applications involving other technologies may also qualify for support.
• We do not fund feasibility studies.
• Grant requests must be to support the capital and installation costs of a renewable energy project.

Please see www.scottishpowergreentrust.co.uk/content/ for more information about applying for a grant from Scottish Power.

2.       The Big Lottery Fund

Available to charities with a maximum grant of £10,000. Projects need to be completed with 12 months of receiving grant.

Please see www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/prog_a4a_eng?regioncode=-uk for more information on eligibility.

7. Recommendations

 The recommendations for the British Muslim Heritage Centre, Manchester, can be outlined below. Please note that any external or internal work will require Listed Building Consent and Planning Permission, through Manchester City Council.

• Wind Energy – Due to the urban location and limited land availability, combined with planning requirements issues, we would not recommend the use of a wind turbine for this development.

• Geothermal – This type of system lends itself very well to large buildings such as this. The use of boreholes would be an extremely efficient method of heating the centre and would not need a large amount of land when compared to a ground source system (with ground loop).

• Ground Source – due to the large area of open land required for this development, there is not enough room for the ground loop.

• Air Source – this development would require a number of individual air collection units that would need to be placed externally to the building. This could be deemed unsightly and may contravene listed building consent.  However, if these potential obstacles could be overcome, we would suggest this is the most cost effective and efficient technology to use for heating such a large building, and can be adapted for heating a swimming pool and also to provide cooling to the building.

• Cooling using heat pumps – many of our heat pump range offer cooling as a viable and less expensive alternative to air conditioning.

• Underfloor Heating – we would strongly recommend using underfloor heating with any heat pump installation as this is the most efficient heating distribution method.

• Solar PV – a viable option for this development depending on planning consent. If traditional PV modules do not satisfy requirements, we can supply special solar PV tiles as shown in the report.

• Solar Thermal – due to the size of this development, we would recommend installing a heat pump system instead of solar thermal for hot water production.

• Rainwater Harvesting – a viable option for collecting rainwater that can be used for flushing toilets, garden use and car washing.

• Combined Heat and Power – please see separate proposal for CHP requirements.

 
+Nur El-Sobky

As a safer alternative, geothermal heating systems eliminate any carbon monoxide poisoning risk. Users can enjoy anywhere from 30% to 70% in savings during the winter compared to traditional heating measures. In summer months, users will save 20% to 50%. Endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy, geothermal heating is the most environmentally friendly heating system on the market.

How They Work

Throughout the year, the earth maintains an extremely stable temperature underground. At six feet below the surface, the temperature can vary from 45 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. During the winter, this extra heat can be taken advantage of using a geothermal heat pump. The pump is connected to a loop that is placed below the earth’s surface. Formed out of a number of pipes, the loop allows fluid to move through the warmed ground and carries the heat back up to the home.

Once within the home, the energy from the earth heats the house and warms up the inside air temperature. An electrically driven compressor and a heat exchanger facilitate the process. The ductwork in the house helps to move the heat into every room.

During the summer, the entire geothermal process is switched. Instead of bringing the earth’s heat up, it takes the heat from the home back into the earth. It operates much like a refrigerator by taking heat away from the interior of the house.

Types of Systems

There are generally two types of systems that are used to harness geothermal heat. One of the two types is called the open loop system. Also called a groundwater heat pump, an open loop system runs through some kind of body or water. Since it held below water, it may have to be protected from corrosion. Some municipalities have outlawed this system out of fear that it could contaminate the local water sources or aquifers. This forces anyone who wants to use an open system to form their own injection wells to prevent environmental damage.

Closed loops can be installed horizontally or vertically. It is placed deep within the ground. Water or antifreeze is then shot through the pipes to absorb the heat from the earth before they return to warm up the home. Installed in solid dirt, this system is often used by people who do not have a nearby water supply for an open system.

Horizontal or Vertical?

Choosing whether to have closed loops operating horizontally or vertically depends on several factors. Vertical closed loops are placed in holes within the ground. The holes are drilled beforehand and travel as far as 500 feet deep. This drilling can be difficult and is time consuming. Due to its difficult, vertical closed loops are generally only used when there is not a lot of land to be used.

When there is enough land around the home, users can install a horizontal closed loop. Running horizontally within the ground, these closed loops are placed below the frost line and are either U-shaped or slinky coils. Since the process of installing a horizontal closed loop does not entail drastic amount of drilling, the cost is often far less than with vertical closed loops. The deeper both systems are placed is directly correlated to their effectiveness.

Benefits of Ground Source Pumps and Thermal Heat

Although the cost of installing geothermal heating systems can be quite expensive, users will quickly be able to see a return on their investment. Using a geothermal heat reduces the amount of heating or air-conditioning bills by a range of 20% to 70%. The program has limited running costs and offers an inversion cycle for summer cooling needs.

As a renewable resource, it is environmentally friendly and has reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Users never have to worry about potential carbon monoxide poisoning in their homes. Additionally, the system is safe, durable and quiet. Simple and efficient to run, it saves home owners on the high cost of electricity.

Results

Geothermal heating systems are more efficient that the HVAC systems on the market. After being installed by certified professionals, homeowners can take advantage of numerous state and federal rebates. The ground source systems do not require sun, wind or waves to function like other sustainable energy sources do. Instead, they operate off of heat from the earth that is consistent and continuous. Extremely durable, the geothermal heating systems are quickly becoming a popular renewable energy source.

+Nur El-Sobky

Ask any driver of an electric car—they will tell you their vehicle has zero emissions. What most people do not realize, is that an electric car is only zero emissions for its operation. The electricity that runs it has to be produced somehow. In states that rely on hydropower, nuclear energy or some other form of green energy, the electric or hybrid car may actually be as great for the environment as the advertisements show. In an area that relies on coal for its electrical use, this is not the case. Coal is a significantly more harmful fuel source for the environment than gas is. Although users are still likely to use pollute less, the difference is far less dramatic than hybrid car enthusiasts would lead one to believe.

Wind Power

Across the United States there are an estimated 38,000 wind turbines — and 14,000 of them have been abandoned. As the government began provided wind energy subsidies, more wind turbines were created. Often these wind turbines were built out of shoddy material and exhibited an inferior level of craftsmanship. To the energy companies, this fact did not matter. The subsidy provided for half of the cost of creating the wind turbine and the price of electricity was pegged to the ever-rising cost of gas. As long as the subsidies remained and gas prices rose, more companies became involved in using windmills for energy production.

After a while, the subsidies were withdrawn and the price of gas fell drastically. Once this occurred, the cost of maintaining and operating the windmills was no longer financially profitable. Thousands of windmills were left to rust and were no longer maintained. Unfortunately, these windmills were also dangerous for the surrounding bird populations. Every year, the American Bird Conservancy estimates that between 75,000 to 275,000 birds are killed by the whirring blades of the wind turbines.

Technically, wind turbines are a sustainable source of energy. Wind is an energy source that cannot run out. When it comes to the actual operation a far different picture arises. These wind turbines require regular maintenance and are deadly to migrating birds in the area. Additionally, they are cost prohibitive to maintain and create without exceptional levels of subsidies. Once they are abandoned, they remain an eye sore for people in the area and a potential safety hazard for those nearby.

Solar Power

If wind turbines are not a completely sustainable energy source solar power should be, right? Not quite. This energy source also runs into some of the same issues. For personal use, finding an experienced technician in the area can be quite problematic. Even when the solar panels are running, consumers would still need a different energy source during the night-time. Cloudy and rainy states have to deal with decreased energy production and materials that corrode fasters in the wet climate.

Worse of all, solar panels use extremely toxic materials. When the batteries and panels have to be thrown away, they release cadmium telluride, lead and sulfuric acid into the environment. Individuals must dispose of the batteries properly so that they can be recycled and the harmful chemicals are not released into environment. On a large scale, solar panels can cause a huge impact to the surrounding environment. Large tracts of land that are occupied by solar panels become unavailable to local flora and fauna. The solar panels can change the flow of rainfall and wind in the area and disrupt natural wild life. Although they generally seem to be a better option than wind turbines, there is still a harmful environmental impact to the surrounding area.

The Biggest Issue with “Sustainable” Energy

Considering the alternatives-coal or gas-alternative energy sources seem like a much safe bet. The biggest problem is storage issues. There is currently no way to store large amounts of energy. The closest solution has been used in Europe. Excess nuclear power is used during the night to power water to the top of a hill. During peak electricity demand, this water is then allowed to flow back down the hill and create hydropower. Thus, they are able to take advantage of excess energy production and reuse it at a slight efficiency loss.

For most countries around the world, this storage option is not currently possible. Excess production of solar or wind energy will simply go to waste. Worse still, the level of electricity production cannot be counted on. We cannot make the sun shine brighter or the wind blow harder when we need to. Due to this, electricity demand may not be met due to the weather. When the weather is not cooperating, the needs of individual electricity users are not provided for and another energy source must be found.

The last issue with renewable energy is transportation. Wind turbines and tidal power, logically, are placed where the wind and tides are strongest. Often, people choose not to live in these areas for those exact reasons. Getting the electricity to the place where it will be used is cost prohibitive and problematic. Tidal power in particular comes with severe maintenance problems-going underwater in an area with strong tides to do maintenance work is a dangerous job.

Sustainable energy may not directly produce carbon dioxide, but it often comes with other pollutants or environmental issues that are equally hazardous. No matter what level we increase our green energy production to, there will still have to be some form of reliable energy source to supply us when the sun is not shining and the breeze is not blowing. For a supplemental energy source, green energy is a possibility, but until we can find an environmental friendly way to store energy on a large scale it is not possible to use only green energy sources.

+Nur El-Sobky